Impedance measure in which the current is altered requires additional instrumentation to vary the current however, an impedance converter measures the correlated impedance changes. Impedance measures have been used in plants to detect changes in the environment which affects physiology. Impedance measures can detect electrical responses within a plant and are not as sensitive to field potentials in the environment. The use of intracellular recording with glass electrodes and amplification is sensitive to field potentials and requires cumbersome equipment that limits portability. The standard method to measure an electrical response in plants is to detect voltage changes with similar approaches used for detecting electrical changes across animal cells by intracellular recording techniques. The purpose of this report is to illustrate the ease in using impedance measures for monitoring electrical signals from individual plants or aggregates of plants for potentially scaling for high throughput and monitoring controlled culturing and outdoor field environments. Monitoring electrical activity in a plant that arises in a distant plant was also demonstrated using the impedance method. The impedance measures were performed in 5 different plants (tomato, eggplant, pepper, liverwort, and Coleus scutellarioides), and responses to mechanical movement of the plant, as well as injury, were recorded. Impedance measurements are able to detect injury in plants as well as exposure of the roots to environmental compounds (glutamate). An impedance measure using stainless steel wires is not as susceptible to electrically induced noises. This method is more susceptible to artifacts of equipment noise and photoelectric effects than an impedance measure. One method uses KCl-filled glass electrodes placed into the plant, similar to recording membrane/cell potentials in animal tissues. Commonly, a differential electrode recording between silver wire leads with the reference wire connected to the soil, or a part of the plant, is used. We have provided a novel data analytic method to programmatically analyze raw PV loop data beyond single cardiac cycles and real, raw swine PV loop data and the accompanying MATLAB (MathWorks, Inc, Natick, Mass) code as an example of how to process and analyze raw data directly.Electrical activity is widely used for assessing a plant’s response to an injury or environmental stimulus. Our aim was to describe a start-to-finish implementation of PV loops for determination of hemodynamic parameters in swine, to provide technical advice for vascular access and proceduralization, and to describe data capture, curation, preprocessing, and analysis of raw PV time data. Historically, most PV loop analyses were of individual cardiac cycles for which the options to analyze PV loops using off-the-shelf software were limited, and home-grown analysis software often lacked peer review or code-sharing. Cardiac pressure-volume (PV) loop analysis is the reference standard for studying the cardiovascular implications of clinical perturbations (eg, heart failure, aortic occlusion, hypovolemia) and is a benchmark for comparisons with noninvasive alternatives (eg, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging).
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |